ABSTRACT
In lately December 2019, a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak occurred in Wuhan, PR China. It is a high contagious virus that has threatened human health worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 infection, termed COVID-19, causes rapidly developing lung lesions that can lead to multiple organ failure in a short period. Whenever a novel virus emerges, reproductive risk assessments should be performed after infection. In this review, we show that male fertility might be damaged by coronavirus associated with (i) direct cytopathic effects derived from viral replication and viral dissemination in the testis; and (ii) indirect damage to male fertility derived from immunopathology. In this review, we briefly describe the impaired fertility of humans and animals infected with coronaviruses to deduce the impact of the new coronavirus on male fertility. Together with information related to other coronaviruses, we extrapolate this knowledge to the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which may have a significant impact on our understanding of the pathophysiology of this new virus.
Subject(s)
Fertility , Infertility, Male/virology , Reproductive Health , Urogenital System/virology , Animals , Host-Pathogen Interactions , Humans , Infertility, Male/diagnosis , Infertility, Male/physiopathology , Male , Prognosis , Risk Assessment , Risk Factors , Sex Factors , Urogenital System/physiopathologyABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The current outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, named coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), is not the first well-known spillover of an animal originated virus to infect humans. However, one of the few to make such a fast jump in a powerful evolutionary shortcut. The incredible pattern of aggressiveness worldwide since the beginning of the outbreak is that up to 20% of those infected need hospitalization and 5% evolve to critical conditions, not limited to respiratory-related issues, but rather to systemic involvement. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to summarize the current knowledge about the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the male genitourinary tract. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A narrative review was carried out to identify articles on the SARS-CoV-2 infection on the male genitourinary system. RESULTS: Considerations were made about the molecular characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and immune response to coronavirus. We discussed the influence of the virus on the urinary system, potential mechanisms of COVID-19- related acute kidney injury (AKI), and the role of cytokine release syndrome on the renal pathophysiology of the disease. In the male reproductive tract, it was discussed the testis' vulnerability to SARS-CoV-2 invasion and the possible adverse effects on its function and the seminal findings of COVID-19. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: During the COVID-19 pandemic, an international coordinated scientific effort must arise to understand the role of the urogenital system in the SARS-CoV-2 infection in the clinical setting.
Subject(s)
COVID-19/virology , Fertility , Infertility, Male/virology , Reproductive Health , SARS-CoV-2/pathogenicity , Urogenital System/virology , Animals , COVID-19/diagnosis , Host-Pathogen Interactions , Humans , Infertility, Male/diagnosis , Infertility, Male/physiopathology , Male , Prognosis , Risk Assessment , Risk Factors , Sex Factors , Urogenital System/physiopathologyABSTRACT
Since early December 2019, a number of pneumonia cases associated with unknown coronavirus infection were identified in Wuhan, China, and many additional cases were identified in other regions of China and in other countries within 3 months. Currently, more than 80,000 cases have been diagnosed in China, including more than 3000 deaths. The epidemic is spreading to the rest of the world, posing a grave challenge to prevention and control. On February 12, 2020, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses and the World Health Organization officially named the novel coronavirus and associated pneumonia as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), respectively. According to the recent research on SARS-CoV-2, the virus mainly infects the respiratory system but may cause damage to other systems. In this paper, we will systematically review the pathogenic features, transmission routes, and infection mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2, as well as any adverse effects on the digestive system, urogenital system, central nervous system, and circulatory system, in order to provide a theoretical and clinical basis for the diagnosis, classification, treatment, and prognosis assessment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.